What adult learning theories are examined alongside andragogy?

• A. Transformational learning, behaviorism, and constructivism.
• B. Experiential learning and classical conditioning.
• C. Transformational learning, experiential learning, self-directed learning, and situated learning.
• D. Situated learning and social cognitive theory.

Answer: (C)

Understanding adult learning involves looking at how adults actually learn in real life, not just what makes them unique as learners. Alongside andragogy, which outlines adults’ characteristics and needs, several theories describe different ways adults learn in practice. Transformational learning explains how adults can shift their perspectives through critical reflection on deeply held assumptions. Experiential learning shows learning cycling through concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract thinking, and active experimentation. Self-directed learning emphasizes autonomy, with learners taking initiative, setting goals, and guiding their own study. Situated learning highlights learning as a social process that happens within authentic contexts and communities of practice. Together, these four theories cover personal reflection, hands-on experience, independence, and social context—all important facets of how adults learn.

The other options mix in theories that aren’t as consistently grouped with andragogy in the same comprehensive way, such as conditioning or basic behaviorist ideas, or they omit one or more of the key adult-learning perspectives described above, making them less representative of the common pairing with andragogy.